Nippon 日本 心得帖

2010年4月27日 星期二

[Measures to Boost Earthquake Readiness]

No.26 (April 26, 2010)
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[Contents of Highlighting JAPAN]
'through articles' April 2010

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[Measures to Boost Earthquake Readiness]

Japan's experience with disasters have prompted the
country to establish highly effective responses to enhancing
earthquake readiness.

-Lessons Learned from Kobe

-Japan's Latest Earthquake-Resistance Technology

-Everyday Efforts to Reduce Disaster-Related Damage

-Recovering from the Earthquake

-Predicting Damage from Earthquakes

-International Disaster Relief

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-Japan Pavilion at the Shanghai Expo

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-Aomori's "Miracle Apples"

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-Cutting-Edge Robot Design

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-The Craft of Beer

<<>>

-Imaging the Future


* Please click below to open the online magazine
http://cz.gov-online.go.jp/cl/V02240/2179449/10/2201000286
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2010年4月24日 星期六

Japan moves to settle dispute with U.S. over Okinawa base relocation


Japan moves to settle dispute with U.S. over Okinawa base relocation

By John Pomfret
Washington Post Staff Writer
Saturday, April 24, 2010


The Japanese government indicated Friday that it would broadly accept a plan to relocate a U.S. Marine Corps base on Okinawa, a move that could ease months of discord between the two allies, U.S. and Japanese officials said.

Foreign Minister Katsuya Okada presented U.S. Ambassador John V. Roos with a proposal to settle the dispute, telling him that Japan was moving toward accepting significant parts of a 2006 deal to move the Futenma air station from the center of a city of 92,000 to a less populated part of Okinawa, the sources said, speaking on the condition of anonymity because of the sensitivity of the issue.

Okada, however, suggested some changes, including altering the design of the runway at the new air station, planned for the town of Henoko, and moving parts of the Marine Corps facility to an island about 100 miles from Okinawa, the sources said. U.S. officials said they were pleased by the proposal but stressed that it was a first step and that Japanese officials would be providing more details next week.

The meeting at the U.S. Embassy in Tokyo marked the first significant good news in a relationship that has been marked by strain, mistrust and befuddlement on both sides ever since a new Japanese government took charge in September after a historic election -- only the second time since the 1950s that an opposition party has taken power.

Prime Minister Yukio Hatoyama's party, the Democratic Party of Japan, came to power on a platform calling for a more equal relationship with the United States. To drive that point home, Hatoyama froze the $26 billion base relocation plan and suggested that the Marines move their airfield off Okinawa and even out of Japan altogether.

The U.S. alliance with Japan is the centerpiece of American policy in Asia and has been a foundation of security in the region for decades. As the alliance has wavered, concern has spread across the region, with officials from South Korea to Australia expressing worries about the future of the U.S. security role.

The meeting Friday followed a brief and blunt tete-a-tete between President Obama and Hatoyama on April 12 during the prime minister's visit to Washington for the Nuclear Security Summit. During the 10-minute encounter, Obama told Hatoyama that the two countries were "running out of time" and asked him whether he could be trusted. Japanese officials were so taken aback by the toughness of Obama's tone that they did not draw up a written record of the words exchanged between the two leaders, sources said.

"The president underscored the seriousness of the situation and the need for us to move forward," said a U.S. official who has been involved in the talks with Japan. U.S. officials gave similar treatment to Hatoyama's executive assistant, Tadakatsu Sano, during his visit to Washington this week.

Mike Hammer, a spokesman for the National Security Council, said Obama and Hatoyama "agreed fully on the importance of the relationship and committed to cooperate on alliance issues."


Other events might also have pushed Tokyo to modify its tune.

In mid-April, warships from China's navy conducted one of their largest open-water exercises near Japan. China did not inform Japan of the exercise, and during one of the maneuvers a Chinese military helicopter buzzed a Japanese destroyer, prompting a diplomatic protest from Japan.

The base plan was worked out in part to confront China's expanding military by deploying U.S. forces in Japan more rationally and building up Guam as a counterweight to Beijing's growing navy. Under the plan, 7,000 Marines would move from Japan to Guam.

Hatoyama also has faced pressure from inside Japan. When Washington Post columnist Al Kamen deemed Hatoyama the "loser" of the summit in a column on April 14, it caused a media storm in Japan. On Wednesday, Hatoyama surprised many in the Diet, Japan's parliament, by seeming to agree with the thrust of the piece.

''As The Washington Post says, I may certainly be a foolish prime minister," he said, because he had sought to reopen the Futenma issue. ''If I'd settled . . . last December, I can't say how much easier things would have been, but we weren't in a situation where we could work on reclamation work," he said, referring to long-standing opposition in Okinawa to Futenma's relocation to a landfill site on its east coast.

A large demonstration against the relocation plan is scheduled in Okinawa on Sunday.

In December, Hatoyama promised the United States that Japan would come up with alternatives to the Futenma issue by the end of May.

In March, the Japanese government presented the Obama administration with what the U.S. official dismissively referred to as "ideas, not proposals." One involved building the new station on a massive landfill near the White Beach Naval Facility, also on Okinawa. The other would have had the Marines basically split the air station between a facility on Okinawa and Tokunoshima, an island more than 100 miles to the northeast. None of the ideas was "operationally sustainable or politically viable," a senior Pentagon official said.

But after Friday's meeting, U.S. officials characterized Okada's new package as a "proposal" and expressed satisfaction that both countries were now working toward a solution.

Japanese officials credited a clearer U.S. tone with helping to push Japan toward a broad acceptance of the plan.

The tougher U.S. tactics mark a break from the softer tone that had dominated U.S. interactions with the new Japanese government. Although some officials, such as Defense Secretary Robert M. Gates, had taken a stronger line with Tokyo, others, such as Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton, had been softer. Clinton made statements that Japanese officials interpreted as a sign that the United States was open to renegotiating the relocation deal.

Some in the administration had argued that the United States needed to be sensitive to Japan's new government and recognize the historic nature of the political changes. But others contended that Hatoyama's government misinterpreted the friendly U.S. tone.

"There were clearly mis-signals and misunderstanding on both sides," the U.S. official said. "But it's not necessary to conduct an autopsy on a patient that's still alive. It would have been nice if things had been smoother."



Residents protested Sunday on Tokunoshima against a plan that was reportedly under consideration by the Japanese government to relocate the Futenma air station on Okinawa to their island.
Residents protested Sunday on Tokunoshima against a plan that was reportedly under consideration by the Japanese government to relocate the Futenma air station on Okinawa to their island. (Takaki Yajima/associated Press)




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2010年4月22日 星期四

Japan Tries to Face Up to Growing Poverty Problem

Japan Tries to Face Up to Growing Poverty Problem

By MARTIN FACKLER
Published: April 21, 2010
MEMURO, Japan — Satomi Sato, a 51-year-old widow, knew she had it tough, raising a teenage daughter on the less than $17,000 a year she earned from two jobs. Still, she was surprised last autumn when the government announced for the first time an official poverty line — and she was below it.
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Ko Sasaki for The New York Times

Satomi Sato works mornings making boxed lunches. She said her family’s difficulties began in the late 1990s, when the economic slide worsened on the island of Hokkaido, as it did across much of rural Japan.

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  • Times Topic: Japan
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Ko Sasaki for The New York Times

Satomi Sato, a 51-year-old widow, delivering newspapers, one of her two jobs. She is raising a teenage daughter on less than $17,000 a year.

“I don’t want to use the word poverty, but I’m definitely poor,” said Ms. Sato, who works mornings making boxed lunches and afternoons delivering newspapers. “Poverty is still a very unfamiliar word in Japan.”

After years of economic stagnation and widening income disparities, this once proudly egalitarian nation is belatedly waking up to the fact that it has a large and growing number of poor people. The Labor Ministry’s disclosure in October that almost one in six Japanese, or 20 million people, lived in poverty in 2007 stunned the nation and ignited a debate over possible remedies that has raged ever since.

Many Japanese, who cling to the popular myth that their nation is uniformly middle class, were further shocked to see that Japan’s poverty rate, at 15.7 percent, was close to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development’s figure of 17.1 percent in the United States, whose glaring social inequalities have long been viewed with scorn and pity here.

But perhaps just as surprising was the government’s admission that it had been keeping poverty statistics secretly since 1998 while denying there was a problem, despite occasional anecdotal evidence to the contrary. That ended when a left-leaning government led by Prime Minister Yukio Hatoyama replaced the long-governing Liberal Democratic Party last summer with a pledge to force Japan’s legendarily secretive bureaucrats to be more open, particularly about social problems, government officials and poverty experts said.

“The government knew about the poverty problem, but was hiding it,” said Makoto Yuasa, head of the nonprofit Antipoverty Network. “It was afraid to face reality.”

Following an internationally recognized formula, the ministry set the poverty line at about $22,000 a year for a family of four, half of Japan’s median household income. Researchers estimate that Japan’s poverty rate has doubled since the nation’s real estate and stock markets collapsed in the early 1990s, ushering in two decades of income stagnation and even decline.

The ministry’s announcement helped expose a problem that social workers say is easily overlooked in relatively homogenous Japan, which does not have the high crime rates, urban decay and stark racial divisions of the United States. Experts and social workers say Japan’s poor can be deceptively hard to spot because they try hard to keep up the appearance of middle class comfort.

Few impoverished Japanese seem willing to admit their plight for fear of being stigmatized. While just over half of Japan’s single mothers, like Ms. Sato, are poor — roughly in line with the ratio in the United States — she and her daughter, Mayu, 17, take pains to hide their neediness. They outwardly smile, she said, but “cry on the inside” when friends or relatives talk about vacations, a luxury they cannot afford.

“Saying we’re poor would draw attention, so I’d rather hide it,” said Ms. Sato, who lives in a blocklike public housing project in this small city surrounded by flat, treeless farmland reminiscent of the American Midwest.

She said she had little money even before her husband, a construction machine operator, died of lung cancer three years ago. She said her family’s difficulties began in the late 1990s, when the economic slide worsened here on the northern island of Hokkaido, as it did in much of rural Japan.

Even with two jobs, she says she cannot afford to see a doctor or buy medicine to treat a growing host of health complaints, including sore joints and dizziness. When her daughter needed $700 to buy school uniforms on entering high school last year, a common requirement here, she saved for it by cutting back to two meals a day.

Poverty experts call Ms. Sato’s case typical. They say more than 80 percent of those living in poverty in Japan are part of the so-called working poor, holding low-wage, temporary jobs with no security and few benefits. They usually have enough money to eat, but not to take part in normal activities, like eating out with friends or seeing a movie.

“Poverty in a prosperous society usually does not mean living in rags on a dirt floor,” said Masami Iwata, a social welfare professor at Japan Women’s University in Tokyo. “These are people with cellphones and cars, but they are cut off from the rest of society.”

Years of deregulation of the labor market and competition with low-wage China have brought a proliferation of such low-paying jobs in Japan, economists say. Compounding matters is the fact that these jobs are largely uncovered by an outdated social safety net, created decades ago as a last resort in an era when most men could expect lifetime jobs.

This has opened up a huge crack through which millions of Japanese have fallen. One was Masami Yokoyama, 60, who lost his lifetime job a decade ago as he struggled with depression after a divorce. He held a series of increasingly low-paying jobs until three years ago, when he ended up homeless on Tokyo’s streets.

Still, city welfare officials rejected his application three times because he was still an able-bodied male. “Once you slip in Japan, there is no one to catch your fall,” said Mr. Yokoyama, who finally got limited government aid and found part-time work as a night watchman.

Gaining wide attention here are statistics showing that one in seven children lives in poverty, one reason the new government has pledged to offer monthly payments of $270 per child and to cut the cost of high school education.

Still, social workers say they fear that the poor will not be able to pay for cram schools and other expenses to enable their children to compete in Japan’s high-pressure education system, consigning them to a permanent cycle of low-wage work.

“We are at risk of creating a chronic underclass,” said Toshihiko Kudo, a board member of Ashinaga, a nonprofit group based in Tokyo that helps poor children and orphans.

Ms. Sato expressed similar fears for her daughter, Mayu. Mayu wants to go to a vocational school to become a voice actress for animation, but Ms. Sato said she could not afford the $10,000 annual tuition.

Still, she remains outwardly upbeat, if resigned. She said her biggest challenge was having no one to talk to. While she said she was sure that many other families faced a similar plight in this small city, their refusal to admit their poverty made it impossible to find them.

“In bed at night, I think: ‘How did I fall so far? How did I get so isolated?’ ” Ms. Sato said. “But usually, I try not to think about it.”

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2010年4月17日 星期六

「聲明」(誦經)

我十幾年前在NHK看過轉播 重要的寺慶

聲明

京都寺院裡常聽到誦經聲明,覺得是為做佛事念誦經文,內容意義多過聲音本質的要求。但以「聲明」的傳習來看,誦經念佛也是僧侶信眾以聲音修行的一種法門。
 京都東北比叡山一帶,山巒蒼翠起伏,十分幽靜,是秋天觀賞楓葉的好處所。尤其是三千院的紅葉,一到秋深,綠黃褐紅,重疊交錯,覆蓋在山路小徑溪澗兩旁,色澤層次,變化萬千,遊客在山路窄徑上迂迴流連讚嘆,絡繹不絕。
 川端康成在《古都》裡提到三千院,卻不是秋天的紅葉,而是初春剛剛綻放抽長的新楓的翠綠新葉。
 四月二日到京都,正是櫻花盛放滿開,因為川端的《古都》,使我去走了一趟三千院。
 從大原下車,沿山路向上攀爬,小小山路,一旁是潺潺不斷的呂川,溪澗水聲錚錚淙淙,像玉石相撞敲擊的輕細脆亮之聲。
 兩側山坡上一株一株筆直俊挺拔起二十餘公尺的水杉,林隙光影迷離,偶然一線陽光照亮剛抽出的一簇楓葉新芽,果然鮮明亮眼,卻又幽靜沉著,沒有春花的喧嘩。
 其實更好的是遊人稀少,遊客都擁擠在山下看花,沒有人在這個季節上山,新嫩的楓葉怡然自得,可以在春雨中靜靜生長。
 三千院是大寺院,佛事頻繁,也有車徑可以到達。
 過了三千院,沿呂川上溯,山徑更陡斜,呂川溪澗深谷亂石間急湍飛瀑,水聲嗚咽、悲鳴、嘯叫,高亢如篳栗,使我想起雅樂裡的「春鶯囀」。
 山路高處有寺名來迎院,是極素樸簡靜的禪院,小小殿廡,供奉藥師、釋迦、彌陀三尊,門扉虛掩,滿地蒼翠青苔,沒有遊客,也不見寺僧。
 來迎院是九世紀慈覺大師圓仁(794-864)開山的道場,圓仁曾留學中國,在五台山修習佛家誦唸佛經梵唄的「聲明」,回國後,選擇了比叡山一處像五台山的處所,命名魚山,建寺授徒,傳習「聲明」。
 京都寺院裡常聽到誦經聲明,覺得是為做佛事念誦經文,內容意義多過聲音本質的要求。但以「聲明」的傳習來看,誦經念佛也是僧侶信眾以聲音修行的一種法門。聲音離開文字語言,還原成呼吸,脈搏律動,還原成肺腑震動共鳴,還原成最單純的心事。
 圓仁在大原開創了聲明修習道場,從九世紀到十二世紀,數百年間,傳法不斷,徒眾甚多,傳承日本聲明的一脈煙火。也入世為人間誦唸,在憤怒、嗔恨、嘻笑、泣咽、哭聲的喧嘩裡,用聲音的明亮專注為眾生昇華出心靈靜定。
 十一世紀末十二世紀初,大原的聲明道場有了新一代弘法大師良忍(1072-1132),在圓仁的道場建來迎院,使大原一派的聲明修習發揚光大,成為日本誦經梵唄的中心。
 據說,良忍每日誦唸法華經,為了修習聲音的專一、安定、沉著,他帶領徒眾在來迎院的後山一處水聲喧嘩的瀑布崖石邊大聲誦經。良忍聲音精進勇猛,帶領眾僧徒,用聲音佛號與水聲日日對話。
 傳說當時參與聲明的在場者,最後聽不到水聲,水聲融入聲明,一念專一,喧嘩可以沉澱,四野寂靜,天地無聲,是聲明修行的最終功課吧。
 這一處飛瀑因此被命名為「音無之瀧」,「瀧」音「霜」,是流泉之意。北投還有幾處泉稱「瀧」,用了古字。京都清水寺有著名的「音羽瀧」,是懸空一線飛瀑,聲音輕細,美如羽音。而來迎院的飛瀑則是眾聲喧嘩都入寂滅,因此是「音無之瀧」。
 我走到來迎院山後,呂川源頭,一片高數十公尺的石壁,瀑布流泉千絲萬縷,傾瀉而下,水聲喧嘩,靜坐凝神,知道還有聲明的功課要做。
 良忍帶領的聲明修習道場,使魚山一代的流水都與音樂有了緣份。來迎院兩側溪澗,一稱呂川,一稱律川,彷彿也都合了樂律,是山水間的黃鐘大呂。
 呂川、律川會入高野川,已是京都平野田疇。高野川在出町柳與賀茂川匯合,就是流入京都繁華街市間的鴨川。鴨川浩蕩,穿天兩岸紛飛著櫻花,遊人如織,已經距聲明道場的「音無瀧」源頭頗有一段距離了。
2010-04-16
中國時報
【蔣勳】
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2010年4月14日 星期三

日本烟客

Bad news for smokers

Japan's Finance Minister Masajuro Shiokawa has resisted that call. But he had bad news for Japanese smokers on Friday.

He confirmed a local newspaper report that the government was considering hiking the cigarette tax in fiscal 2002.

"There is a movement toward discouraging smoking, so I don't think the public will be opposed to a tax hike on cigarettes," he said at a press conference. "I think they will accept it."

Raising taxes on cigarettes would bring in more revenue without the government having to sell more government bonds.



[今日CNN听抄音频时间:1分12秒]日本正加大对吸烟的打击力度。为了劝阻吸烟族,东京提高了烟价并在香烟包装上附上醒目的警告语。这一举措给烟草专营商——日本烟草公司带来了突然的打击。但这个公司想出了富有创意的办法取悦吸烟族,并让他们继续吞云吐雾。


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2010年4月3日 星期六

死刑案例

时事风云 | 2010.04.03

日本仍有执行死刑案例

Großansicht des Bildes mit der Bildunterschrift:

本周二(3月30日)人权组织"大赦国际"发表了2009年全球死刑判决执行年度报告。虽然中国官方没有提供死刑判决执行的具体数字,但是大赦国际估测, 每年在中国被执行死刑的人数达到上千人。中国执行死刑数字居全球之首,这已经是众所周知的事实。但是在没有废除死刑的日本,死刑是如何来执行的,外界就少 有知晓了。目前日本和美国是仅有的两个仍然执行死刑的发达工业国家。

日本官方曾对是否存废死刑进行过民意调查。日本国内80%的民众都支持保留死刑。所以每当有人提出是否应该废除死刑的讨论时,死刑的支持者 都可以用民调的结果作为强有力的证据来反对。但是去年9月千叶景子(Keiko Chiba)出任日本法务大臣以来,死刑的支持者们就不能再仅是用民调结果来为死刑辩护了,因为曾经做过律师的千叶是不折不扣的反对死刑的拥护者。大赦国 际日本分部的天野(Osamu Amano)评价说:

"法务大臣在议会中不断提出对有关死刑问题的讨论,我们对此表示欢迎。很多反对死刑的人士认为,这一届的法务大臣不会签署死刑执行令。"

美国和日本是仅有的两个仍然保留了死刑的发达工业国家。1945年以来,在日本总共有600多人被执行了死刑。千叶法务大臣的前任在过去两年不顾来 自国际的抗议之声创下绞刑执行纪录。据大赦国际公布的数字,目前在日本监狱关押的死刑犯人数为110名。其中一些死刑犯等待死刑执行已经等了几十年的时 间。

反对死刑的积极活动者和众多人权组织同时也对死刑犯在监狱中受到的非人道的对待予以强烈谴责。日本的死刑犯所处的环境完全是被隔离的。只有同他们的案件有关的司法人员以及直系亲属才能有很少的机会同他们见面。

由于不知道死刑会在哪一天被执行,死刑犯承受的心理压力会越来越大。他们往往是上绞刑架前几个小时才被通知马上就要被执行死刑。而死刑犯的亲属要在死刑已经执行之后才能获知消息。

大赦国际组织公布的消息称,日本一些死刑犯由于对死刑执行日期的不可知性而变得精神失常。而死刑依然在破坏国际法的情况下得以执行。

作者:Hans-Günther Krauth / 洪沙

责编:叶宣

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